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WHEN we consider an object in itself, and in its own nature, without extending the view of the mind to that which it may represent, the idea we have of it is the idea of a thing,as of the earth,of the sun; but when we regard a certain object only as representing another, the idea which we have of it is the idea of a sign. It is in this way that we commonly regard maps and pictures. Thus the sign contains two ideas, one of the thing which represents, another of the thing represented, and its nature con sists in exciting the second by means of the first.
☛ Logic, or, The art of thinking : being the Port-Royal logic by Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole, tr. from the French by Thomas Spencer Baynes, [1662]1850, Part I, chap. IV: “Of ideas of things and signs” (Public Domain)
The original French edition was first published in Paris in 1662 under the title La Logique de Port-Royal (available online as well). Here’s the French version of the excerpt quoted above:
Quand on considère un objet en lui-même et dans son propre être sans porter la vue à ce qu’il peut représenter, l’idée qu’on en a est une idée de chose, comme l’idée de la Terre ou du Soleil. Mais quand on ne regarde un certain objet que comme en représentant un autre, l’idée qu’on en a est une idée de signe et ce premier objet s’appelle signe. C’est ainsi qu’on regarde d’ordinaire les cartes et les tableaux. Ainsi le signe enferme deux idées: l’une de la chose qui représente, l’autre de la chose représentée, et sa nature consiste à exciter la seconde par la première. (Partie I, Chap. IV: “Des idées des choses et des idées des signes”)
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